Souradip Mallick, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
An accident in any nuclear facility of the nuclear fuel cycle like a nuclear reactor leads to a large-scale release of radioactivity in the environment causing a great radiation exposure. The shock wave affects humans by rupturing eardrums or lungs. However, there are no fruitful, safe therapies for total body irradiation (TBI) — a condition known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS).
Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is the only available therapy for ARS. Patients can donate their stem cells for transplantation or a donor whose stem cells are a good match is found. But hematopoietic stem cell transfusion is nearly an impossible way for treating massive numbers of people who are exposed to radiation at the same time. There are also several drugs which are potential for treatment, but it does not provide complete protection, moreover, it has several side effects.
It has been investigated that allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can mitigate TBI-induced ARS. These are mesenchymal stem cells that are derived from adipose tissue that can easily be harvested in vast quantities from donors via liposuction. ASCs moved to the bone marrow and can cure by secreting many factors which lessen oxidative stress and save harmful bone marrow cells from apoptosis
Also, adipose-derived ASCs are comparatively safe, also have self-renewal capacity and can also undergo differentiation to mature cells. They can also propagate very easily in cell culture compared to other cell types.
Thus allogeneic ASCs therapy is one of the beneficial approaches for clinical adaptation to treat TBI-induced toxicities.
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Source: “Allogeneic adipose-derived stem cells mitigate acute radiation syndrome by the rescue of damaged bone marrow cells from apoptosis” by Somaiah Chinnapaka, Katherine S. Yang, Yasamin Samadi, Michael W. Epperly, Wen Hou, Joel S. Greenberger, Asim Ejaz and J. Peter Rubin, 16 March 2021, Stem Cells Translational Medicine. DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0455
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