SUMEDHA GUHA, TECHNO INDIA UNIVERSITY
Reelin is an extracellular glycoprotein that acts as a key regulator for different steps in brain wiring and neuronal cell migration. Reelin signalling is required for axonal targeting, regulation of dendritogenesis, and spine formation in mature neurons. It also plays an important role in ensuring hippocampal integrity, synaptic plasticity, and behaviour. These processes are regulated by Reelin with the help of two receptors – ApoER2 and VLDLR. These receptors display very specific functions and are differentially expressed throughout the nervous system.
Recent findings reveal a new way of reactivating dendritogenesis in neurological disorders where dendritic arbour complexity is limited, such as in depression, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and stroke. In recent years, accumulating evidence has linked the Reelin pathway to Alzheimer’s Disease. It has been found that Reelin levels are elevated in the brain of AD patients, but a lower amount of intracellular ApoER2 receptor fragments is detected, suggesting that Reelin signalling is altered in AD.
Previous and more recent studies have displayed the contribution of Reelin signalling to the genetic and behavioural expression of learning and memory. An interesting work using epigenomic analysis revealed that the binding of Reelin to its receptor results in the expressions of immediate early genes involved in synaptic plasticity.
Altogether, these results indicate that Reelin signalling regulates synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory — mainly in the adult hippocampus. Also, alterations in the mechanism of the Reelin pathways in the body can drastically affect these neural processes and behaviour, leading to irreversible neurological diseases.
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SOURCE: Reelin functions beyond neuronal migration: from synaptogenesis to network activity modulation;
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959438820301483
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